The History Of Palestine

Expulsion of the
Palestinians from their Homes

It was aforementioned that Palestine lies at the west of
Asia; at the southern part of the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea and
thus lies at the heart of the ancient world which made it a land bridge connecting
between Asia and Africa, and between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. I
have also indicated that Palestine totals 27.009 km² only, including Lake
Tiberias and the province of Hawlah and half the area of the Dead Sea. This
area is wholly inhabitable due to the presence of Lake Tiberias and half the
area of the Dead Sea. The area of Palestine is very small and equals
approximately 4% of
Texas, which means that it is 25 times smaller than it. It also equals 15.3 %  of Washington’s
area and about 21 %  of New York’s area,
and it is hardly spacious enough for the Palestinians, so how things would be
when these great multitudes immigrate to it form all over the world? 

The
Zionist leaders who mastered the evacuation and immigration of the Jews to Palestine
perfectly knew this fact, and perfectly knew that Palestine hardly contained
its people, let alone if an exodus of Jews crept to it. Therefore, these
Zionist leaders decided to evacuate Palestine from the largest possible number
of its native people to be occupied by incomers from all over the world. This
thinking was embodied in an article by the ex-Knesset member  in the Israeli newspaper Yediot Ahronot
dated 1471972 . The truth is that the Palestinian existence in Palestine is
inherent in history and is as old as human existence in the Arab region and the
proof is Ariha (Jericho), this Palestinian city, which is the most ancient city
in history, more than 7000 years old. But the Israeli presence is only recent
and the details of the exodus clearly exposes and bares this reality.

And
just as the Zionists exercised terrorism against their own countrymen (in Iraq,
Libya and Yemen) to convince them to go to Israel, after they loved their life
in other countries that guarded their dignity and honor, they also exercised it
against the Palestinians to force them to leave their land and evacuate it for
the sake of the new incomers who caused the miseries and wars witnessed in the
region to this day. These Zionist terrorist acts against the Palestinians since
the beginning of the last century triggered horrible massacres. The Jewish
Knesset member confessed to this fact in his article published by the Israeli
newspaper Yediot Ahronot, in which he considered the evacuation of Palestine
from its people as “an inevitable necessity”, in order to establish their own
foreign and intrusive entity upon the region. The whole world should know how
the Jews entered Palestine and dominated it, and how did Israel enter the Arab
region and wage wars and inflict tragedies only known by the people of the
region and a minority in the world, owing to its being marginalized by
political parties and media systems connected with World Zionism. The British
Colonial Secretary, Malcolm MacDonald, delivered in 23 November 1938 an
important testimony in the House of Commons in which he explained the present
situation in Palestine. This testimony under the title “Division Project”, is
considered a momentous proof on the reality of the situation in Palestine at
that time. The statement expressed his understanding of the Arab position and
the soundness of the Arab views.

This
crucial testimony stated by the British Colonial Secretary clearly reveals the
drastic psychological state that the Palestinians lived when the Jews invaded
their country, after they accepted in the beginning the peaceful entry of the
Jews and treated them unguardedly because they trusted them, and for their
simplicity and ignorance of what these intruders harbored. Today the whole
world knows what the Jews harbored then while seeing a Palestinian population
homeless, whose children are killed every day. The Jews betrayed the trust
shown by the Palestinians, who one day welcomed them and accepted their
presence in their land. But sorrowfully found themselves under the gun of these
intruders who became the rulers of the capabilities and possessions of the
Palestinians, mostly found themselves just foreign refugees in adjacent
countries.

The
attorney Wakim Wakim, Secretary of National Committee for the Defense of the
Rights of the Uprooted in Israel, said in an article published for him on the
site of Women’s Committee for Supporting the Palestinian’s Right of Return: “At
the time of announcing the division resolution, number 181 dated 29111947,
there lived in the regions under the Jewish State, in conformity with the
division resolution, more than 243000 Arabs in 219 villages and four cities
which are Haifa, Tiberias, Safad and Baysan. During the time between the
division resolution and until June 1948, more than 239000 Arabs were driven out
from this region and 180 Arab villages were evacuated and completely destroyed.
Also the inhabitants of three big countries: Safad, Tiberias and Baysan were
completely expelled, whereas 1950 Palestinians remained in Haifa. In the
meantime the military Zionist organizations drove out about 122000 Arabs from
the regions under the control of the Palestinian State and 70 villages were
evacuated and completely destroyed. The people of Yafa and Akka were almost
totally driven out. Furthermore, a very big part of the people of Al-Ladd and
Ar-Ramlah were expelled. 

            

Many
people think that the expulsion of the Palestinians from their land concurred
with the eruption of the military Zionist activities in 1948. But delving into
the pages of history, which the Zionist media and ideology kept in the dark in
a way unprecedented before in history, ascertains that the expulsion started,
theoretically at least, with Herzl launching his book, “The Jewish State,”
the Torah of Zionism. The base of establishing the Jewish state in our country
Palestine meant the expulsion of all our people, or at least the majority, as
the military Zionist organizations did and the state of Israel after it.

The
first act of expulsion actually took place in 1905, when the Zionist settlers
conspired with some feudatories from Lebanon to buy
lands from the village that overlooks Al-Jalil Al-Ala (Upper Galilee) and expel
the peasants, who molded its soil with their sweat and blood. One of the Jewish
settlers wrote at that time about the deep attachment of the peasants to their
lands, saying “even their animals cried” when they were forced to leave.

Also
the historical documents point to the expulsion of about 70 000 Palestinian
peasants and the destruction of their villages before the eruption of war – the
Disaster in 1948 – even before the final approval of the crime by the UN
organization that sanctioned the resolution of dividing Palestine equally with
the Jewish settlers. The total of the Palestinians who were expelled from their
country exceeded 726 000 citizens, and there only remained in Palestine about 156 000 Palestinians, 40000 among
them have been dislodged inside Palestine and have resorted to the neighboring
villages and countries, their number exceeds today 200 000 uprooted persons.
They form in some of the villages they resorted to 50% from the inhabitants or
even more. The huge numbers of those dislodged and homeless people inside and
outside, indisputably prove the falsity of the Zionist claim alleging that the
refugees where dislodged in compliance with the demand of their leaders, taking
into consideration the short period that extended between 1121947 and the
first of June when the terror of the armed Zionist organizations against the
Palestinian inhabitants aggravated. The activity lately assumed by some new
military Israeli historians, and in their lead “Benny Maurice”, proves the
truthfulness of the Palestinian account that affirms that the forced expulsion
operation took place in a systematic and planned method with the design of
“ethnically cleansing” Palestine of its Arab inhabitants. For the forced
expulsion operation was accompanied with intensive attacks of violence,
terrorism and massacres that stood as one of the chief reasons behind the
departure of the Arabs of Palestine. The military Israeli historian Prof.
Ytzhak, the lecturer in Bar-llan University, estimated that the organized
bloodbaths committed by the Israeli gangs exceeded ninety bloodbaths. These
military operations were coupled with a policy of psychological warfare through
leaking news about the massacres on a local scale so that the atrocities of
genocide, rape, and destruction reach the hearing of the Palestinian
inhabitants especially the conservative Palestinian countryside, with the aim
of implanting in the souls of the inhabitants a state of horror and panic, thus
they would evacuate their villages to save their souls, honor and possessions.

There
is also many testimonies that affirm that most of the Palestinian border
villages were besieged from three directions and bombed to force the
inhabitants to escape from the fourth direction which in most cases was towards
Lebanon, Syria or Jordan. The Zionist false claim that the Palestinians left
their lands in 1948 in compliance with the commands of their leaders was among
the Zionist false propaganda to diminish worldwide solicitude for the
Palestinian people especially the refugees. The writer, Tzvi, said,
“Today every
descendant knows that had it not been for the collective escape in 1948 the
Israeli State would not have been established, even inside the division borders
specified by the UN in 1947, the more so within the truce expanded borders
specified at the end of the liberation war.” As for Count Folke
Bernadotte , the UN Mediator, he examined the status of two specific villages
that were subjected to the unjustifiable attack of Zionist organizations and
how the inhabitants were forced to evacuate the villages then they were
destroyed, as stated in his report submitted to the general assembly. Also, in
a study by Prof. Israel Shahak about the evacuated villages, he said, “The truth
concerning the Arab villages that existed before 1948, among the lands on which
the Israeli State was established, is one of the most hidden secrets in the
Israeli life, for there is hardly a report or a book or a pamphlet that
discusses their number or location, which is a deliberate matter in order for
it to be the accepted official myth, that talks about an empty country,
educable in Israeli schools and can be related to visitors and tourists.” Prof.
Israel Shahak has presented a list including the names of 385 villages that
were destroyed and completely erased by Israel from among 475 villages that
existed before 1948. During the last years many realties and documents from the
Israeli army archives began to be disclosed to prove that hundreds of massacres
were perpetrated and innocent Palestinians were murdered in cold blood. Prof. “Ytzhak”, the lecturer in Bar-llan
University and the Military History Expert, has published his data and
researches concerning more than ninety massacres perpetrated in Palestinian villages, among them
are: Sa‘sa‘ village – destruction of 20 houses over their
inhabitants and the murder of 60 persons; Hawsan village –slaughter of 12 men
without any cause or resistance; Al-Dawayima village –murder and slaughter of
80 persons (Al-Khalil (Hebron) Mount); Ailbon village – shooting 12 youths under the eyes of a crowd of the
surrendered inhabitants (in Al-Jalil) and another 17 youths from the Bedouins
and the village inhabitants that were dispersed at different parts, it seems as
if they were resisting; Majd Al-Kurum village – shooting 5 youths (in
Al-Jalil); Ba‘nah and Deir Al-Asad villages – summoning the inhabitants then
picking from them 4 youths, who were shot in front of everybody; Safsaf village –
murder of 56 men after tying them and casting them into a well, rape of three
women and a young girl 14 years old; Saliha village – killing 94 persons by knocking
down their houses over them; Ayn Al-Zaytun village – murder of 32
persons then their watches were taken from their hands; Qisarya village
– murder of whoever failed to escape; Al-Kabri village – the village was
occupied and 7 youths were murdered and the rest of the inhabitants fled.

There is not the least doubt that the bloodbaths and
massacres perpetrated by the Zionist organizations came within a programmed
plan for expulsion. Shortly ago a document was published by the Israeli army
intelligence agency in June 1948 that analyzes “The reasons behind the Arabs’
exit from Palestine”, which absolutely refutes the Zionist propaganda and
states some of the reasons that were behind the Arabs’ exit from Palestine:

1-The
hostile Jewish acts directly targeting the villages, the Arab cities, and the
downfall of the big villages and the main cities constitute 55% from the
reasons that resulted in the exit.

2-Operations carried by Jewish terrorist groups, like
Etzel and Lehi, that were involved in terrorist acts in Yafa and Al-Jalil
(Galilee), the city center and Al-Qods region and executed the “Deir-Yassin
Massacre”. The influence they exercised constitute 15%.

3-Evil Insinuations and Psychological warfare and
their influence played 2%.

4-The orders and warnings
given to the inhabitants to evacuate the villages and desert them in order to
enable the Arab forces to retrieve them. Its influence is 5%.

5-General
panic and distrust of the power of the Arab forces. Its influence is 11%.

Concerning the huge dislocation, expulsion and destruction project
committed against the Palestinian villages during the Six Day War and after it,
we must point to the fact that Al-Jalil and the northern region were afflicted
with the lion’s share in this project, as the writer Charles Caiman emphasizes
the following facts in his article, “After the Disaster – the
Arabs in the Israeli State – 1948 – 1950”:

1.     Among
73 villages under the jurisdiction of Safad 68 villages were destroyed.  

2.      Among 51 villages under the
jurisdiction of Akka 21 villages were destroyed.

3.    Among 23 villages under the
jurisdiction of
Tiberias 20 villages were destroyed.

4.      Among 19 villages under the
jurisdiction of Baysan 17 villages were destroyed.

5.   Among 40 villages under the
jurisdiction of Haifa 32 villages were destroyed.

6.     Among
23 villages under the jurisdiction of Nazareth 4 villages were destroyed.    

 

Accordingly, the final outcome is that 162 Arab
villages (and three Arab cities) were destroyed from among 229 villages under
the above-mentioned judicial authorities alone.

 

Israel
resumed the expulsion policy of the Arab from their villages even after its
establishment and the domination of Zionist organizations and their gangs over
the Arab villages and communities. The Iqrit and Bir‘im case, which is
still interacting within the lobbies of the Israeli Knesset, is a clear
condemnation of the methods employed by the Israeli chiefs against the Arab
inhabitants. It also embodies the depth of the Zionist–Israeli desire to
ethnically cleanse the land from its Arab inhabitants. Facts show that the
forced expulsion operations against the Palestinians continued even after
signing the truce agreements in 1949 between “Israel” and the adjacent Arab countries.
For the inhabitants of Al-Ghabisiyya were expelled in 1950, and it was
proclaimed as a closed militarily Zone, and the same in Amqa, Kafr ‘Inan and
Saffuriyya whose
inhabitants were driven out in 1953. Also, the inhabitants of the two villages
Kirad Al-Baqqara and Kirad Al-Ghannama in Hawla plain were expelled many times
during 1948, 1951 and 1956. Arab An-Naqb were expelled and gathered in Sayaj
region in 1957. In 1974, Israel expelled Arab Al Mafjar from their village near
Khadirah and established on their lands a 
power plant. In 1981, and after concluding the Camp David Accord between
Israel and the Egyptian regime, thousands of Arabs were expelled from “Tall
Al-Malh” region in An-Naqb (Negev) to the city center: to Al-Ladd, Ar-Ramlah and Al-Muthalth to
construct military airports instead of the evacuated airports in Sinai. In
1987, the Israeli government instituted a committee to examine the “unlicensed”
building in the Arab Palestinian environment, known as Marcovitch committee,
which recommended in 1989 that it was necessary to demolish 11000 houses owned
by Arabs under the pretext of “unlicensed” building.

These
houses are distributed over 100 Arab communities “unacknowledged” by the
Israeli authorities, and these authorities aim at dislodging its inhabitants.
In 1995, the Israeli minister of Construction and Housing issued his orders of
evacuating – expelling – the inhabitants of “Al-Hawashlah” village in An-Naqb
and also Arab Al-Jahileen.” End of the article by the lawyer Wakim Wakim,
Secretary of National Committee for the Defense of the Rights of the Uprooted
in Israel.

 

The
Zionists also resorted to enforce jural and civic procedures against the
dislodged people and their villages; thus even after the stability of the
military situations the authorities continued the adoption of all the practical
jural measures – legislative and civic – to consolidate the actual state of
their seizure of the evacuated Arab lands and villages, pushed to this course
by the obsessive fear of the return of the uprooted Arabs to their villages.
For this reason, the Israeli authorities enforced laws and regulations that
indirectly dealt with the dislodged people and directly dealt with the
evacuated lands and villages. It also activated the mandatory emergency systems,
as the closure of zones militarily. On the other side, the Israeli authorities
carried out their civic plans and established hundreds of Jewish settlements on
the Arab lands and consequently the acceleration of the process of destroying
the Arab villages in a desperate attempt to wipe them out of history and from
the minds of their children who resorted to the neighboring Arab villages.

The
UN defines those refugees in its documents as follows: “Every person who had
his ordinary house in Palestine for two years before the conflict of 1948 and
because of it he lost his house and the means of his living and restored in
1948 to one of the countries where the UNRWA  (United Nations Relief and Works Agency for the Palestinian
refugees in the Far East) presents its services and is registered in the
regions of its activities.” Over the years of the twentieth century, the
Palestinian population was subjected to numerous major surges of
dislodgment  and collective uprooting,
the foremost were in 1948-47 during the Zionist-Arab war, when approximately
800 000 persons were uprooted. In 1967, during the Israeli-Arab war (about
400000 persons), and in 1991 during the second Gulf war about 350000 persons.
Moreover, the administrative measures and policies imposed on the
Palestinians in the Palestinian territories occupied in 1948 and 1967 (as the expropriation of the
lands, the destruction of the houses, confiscation of nationality rights,
exile, in addition to the governmental policies and the armed conflicts in many
of the dispersed Palestinian communities caused the dislodgment of thousands
other Palestinians. For the majority of the Palestinian refugees are those who
were uprooted from their homes in 1948 along with their grandchildren (more
than five millions) and they nearly present one-third of the Palestinian
population in its entirety. If
we added the refugees that were uprooted from their homes for the first time in
1967 and these dislodged refugees inside the “Green-Line” i.e., inside Israel,
then nearly three-quarter of the Palestinian people were uprooted from their
homes over the last half-century. Based on this, the Palestinian refugees are
the biggest and oldest refugee groups in the world. Most of these refugees live
in the occupied West Bank including Al-Qods (Jerusalem), and Gaza Strip about
100 miles away from their original homes and dwellings that are located at
Israel, and they are forbidden to exercise their right of returning to them.
The successive Israeli governments also oppose the return of the Palestinian
refugees, for their desire to maintain and preserve Israel “as a Jewish State”
with a landslide Jewish demography and a full Jewish mastery over the lands.

Since
1948 UN General Assembly has issued more than fifty resolutions that tackled
“The Palestinian refugees problem”, the most important among them was
resolution 194 issued in 11-12-1948, that was repeatedly indicated in the
succeeding resolutions. This resolution says: “The refugees who
wish to return to their country must be allowed to return, and to peacefully
live with their neighbors on the nearest date possible. As for those who do not
wish to return they must be compensated for their belongings and the
destruction and wreckage that befell them, and this is according to the international
law or the principles of justice, and responsible governments or authorities
should be bound to do this.” On the basis of this resolution the International
Conciliation Commission was instituted and was entrusted with facilitating the
process of repatriation of refugees, safely settling them and paying them
compensations.

Resolution
194 is considered the base for all the UN resolutions regarding the refugees.
It is noteworthy that the UN acknowledgment of Israel as a nation is
conditional upon Israel’s fulfillment of this resolution. But Israel has
learned not to respect any of the resolutions issued by the international
organizations unless they agree with its own interests and greed. When talking
about the disaster that befell Palestine (the Six Day War) and the planned and
organized expulsion of more than 80 % from the Palestinians of the occupied
territories in 1948, we are talking about the worst disaster and calamity the
ever afflicted a population in the universe during the second half of the last
century. For occupation and expulsion were the outcome of a hostile activity of
ideological racism, but only few do care. To know the international resolutions
regarding Palestine, which Israel never respected, the Palestinian National
Information Center under the Palestinian National Authority gives the following
table that illustrates the resolutions and their most important circumstances
and dates:                     

                    

The Most Important International Resolutions Concerning Palestine

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

This
table that includes the UN resolutions regarding Palestine clearly shows the
absolute defiance and disregard by which the Zionist occupying forces meet
these resolutions and their persistence in assaulting the secure Palestinians
on their lands and their sanctities. Resolution 2253 dated 4767, resolution
267 dated 3769, and also resolution 476 dated 3071980, all these
resolutions disclose Israel’s determination to alter the situation in Al-Qods
(Jerusalem) and Judaizes it and changes its Islamic Arabic features into Jewish
to deceive the world in the future, namely during the present days we live, and
make them believe that Al-Qods is Jewish and accordingly destroy Al-Masjid
Al-Aqsa and build in its place the Temple, which is one of their religious
fabricated myths.

In
reply to these resolutions that Israel never respected, the UN issued new
resolutions by which it condemned Israel’s defiance of orders and rebellion
against international organizations and its persistence in changing the
landmarks of Al-Qods; these condemning resolutions numbered: 2254 dated
14767, 271 dated 15969 and 298 dated 2591971, which were regretfully  restricted to Israel’s disregard of the
UN resolutions. Also resolution 478 dated 2081980 that declares a
non-recognition of the main law regarding the changes that Israel carried in
Al-Qods.

Not
only that, but there are also other resolutions that condemn Israel’s violation
of human rights and unjustified aggression; these resolutions numbered: 2546,
271, 2851, 3220, 3490 and 20735. These resolutions range between
condemnation for violating human rights which is an Israeli hobby, and
condemnation of attacking the secure citizens or of the expansion of Israel by
annexing the Palestinian territories and confiscating them. Also for
desecrating Al-Aqsa Masjid the Muslim place of worship, which Jews have no
right to enter it ever.

Quoting from the Palestinian National Information Center, the
Palestinian refugees are mainly distributed over the border countries of their
motherland, where the estimated number of the Palestinian people in 1998 was
7788 185 persons, 54% are living outside the Palestinian borders and cluster
varyingly in other regions of the Arab world, but the majority among them live
in Jordan, Syria and Lebanon, in other words in the neighboring regions due to
the displacements from which they suffered in the year of the Disaster 1948 and
the recourse of many among them to the Arab countries neighboring Palestine.

          

1-The Refugees in Jordan: the
percentage of Palestinian refugees is (31.4%) from the total population of
Jordan and more than (42%) from the total of all Palestinian refugees. The
census of Palestinian refugees in Jordan is about one million refugees, 18% of
them live in ten camps, the number of their inhabitants reached 280 000 as
registered by UNRWA in Jordan. The number of refugees living in Jordan
increased since the disaster, as their number reached 100 000 approximately by
1948; they are those who crossed Jordan River and lived in camps. After the
Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip in 1967 the new influx of
displaced immigrants flowed in, whose number reached about 240 000.

2-The
Refugees in Syria: the percentage of Palestinian refugees in Syria
represents (10.2%) from the total registered refugees, and (2.3%) from the
total population of Syria. More than (30%) from the total of Palestinian
refugees in Syria live in these camps. Al-Yarmok camp that shelters more than
100 000 Palestinians is not counted in the list of official camps under the
UNRWA, in spite of the spread of its different services in it. The refugees in
Syria belong to the northern regions in Palestine especially in Safad and
Haifa, and constitute (62%) from the total refugees, but the rest came from
Yafa, Tiberias,
Akka and other cities. In 1967 more than 100 000 persons
migrated from Golan Heights – among them Palestinian refugees – to other Syrian
parts. Moreover, thousands of Lebanese people resorted to Syria during the
civil war that tore Lebanon in 1982. 

3-The
Refugees in Lebanon: some Palestinian refugees moved to Lebanon after the
Disaster in 1948, and they constitute (10%) from the overall total of
Palestinian refugees, and (10.5%) from the total Lebanese population. Now there
are twelve Palestinian camps on the Lebanese lands and the refugees there
suffer from many problems, the most important are: the weak infrastructure of
the camps, overcrowdedness and unemployment. In Lebanon there is the highest
percent of Palestinian refugees who live in extreme poverty and are registered
in the program of straitened circumstances. Also, the refugees in Lebanon
suffer from the absence of social and civil rights and the lack of the relief
agency services in the domains of education, health, and social services. Also
during the years that followed the civil war the UNRWA totally gave up offering
the free educational insurance, which led to the emergence of some problems
like school failure, the rise of illiteracy percentage which amounted to (48%)
from the total camp population based on recent statistics, whereas the percent
of university graduates sank to (4.2%).

In the end of discussing the Palestinian refugees
problem we are to examine some of the details stated in the map of UNRWA
operation zone. These details tackle the distribution of refugees registered
with this agency, bearing the date 30 June 2001.

  

 

This table exhibits the dispersion of these refugees
over different parts after one land gathered them in the past, namely
Palestine. It also shows that the refugees outside the camps are twice those
present inside, which means double suffering and miserable living conditions
that day after day grow severer.   

The Zionist terrorism is as old as its presence in the Middle
East region and the greatest proof on this is the horrible bloodbaths and
massacres which the Zionists have perpetrated and still perpetrate against the
true landowners to force them to evacuate their land for the  new Jewish incomers.

 

The resources that the Palestinian National Information
Center has used in the documentation of the Palestinian History:

Dr. Haitham Al-Kilany: the Arab Islamic Palestinian wars – Palestinian
encyclopedia, fifth volume, 1990.

Dr. Hindy Al-Bidary – the Palestinian lands between Zionist claims and historical
facts – Cairo, the Arab League Printing House, 1988. 

Arab institute for practice and statistical researches. The demographic
characteristics of the Palestinian people, Beirut, Anidâl publishing house, 1985.

Mustafa Ad-Dabagh, Our Country Palestine – first part, At-Tali‘ah publishing house,
Beirut, 1965.

Araf Al-Araf, The Disaster, p. 952.Bayan
Nuwayhad Al-Hût, Palestine: the Problem and the People, Al-Istiqlal publishing
house, 1991.

Al-Yas Shofany, compendium of Palestine History, Palestinian studies institute – 1998.

Dr.Abdul-Wahab Al-Kialy, compendium of Modern Palestine History – Beirut, Arab
institute, 1975.

Asmaa Abdul-Hady Fa‘ur, Palestine and the Jewish claims, Al-Ummah publishing house,
1990.

Publications
of the Palestinian studies instituteLebanon defense ministry. Palestinian
problem and Zionist danger – Beirut studies series, 1973.